Mammograms are one of the most important tools available for detecting breast cancer early, often before any symptoms appear. These specialised X-ray tests are primarily used to examine breast tissue for any abnormalities, such as lumps or unusual changes. For many women, the idea of getting a mammogram can feel a little intimidating, especially if it’s their first time. Understanding the types of mammograms, how the procedure works, the benefits, and the costs involved (especially in the UK) can make the whole process feel more approachable.
In this article, we’ll break down the key facts about mammograms so you can feel more informed and confident about your breast health.
What Is a Mammogram?
A mammogram is a low-dose X-ray that takes detailed images of the breast tissue. It’s mainly used to screen for breast cancer or help diagnose a breast-related concern. The images allow radiologists to detect issues that might not be visible through physical exams alone.
There are two main types of mammograms: screening mammograms and diagnostic mammograms.
1. Screening Mammogram
A screening mammogram is a routine test offered to women who have no signs or symptoms of breast cancer. Its purpose is to detect cancer at an early stage, when it’s often easier to treat.
Who should have it?
In the UK, the NHS Breast Screening Programme invites women between the ages of 50 and 71 for a screening mammogram every three years. Some regions have started extending the programme to include women aged 47 to 73 as part of a trial.
You can also request to have a screening outside this age range, but it might need to be arranged privately unless there’s a specific medical reason.
2. Diagnostic Mammogram
A diagnostic mammogram is more detailed and is used when:
- You or your doctor notices a lump or change in the breast
- You have symptoms such as nipple discharge or pain
- An abnormality is found during a screening mammogram
It involves more images and may focus on a specific area of the breast to investigate the concern further.
Types of Mammogram Technology
There are a few different types of mammogram technologies, and they’ve improved significantly over the years. Here’s what you might encounter:
a. 2D Mammography (Traditional Mammogram)
This is the standard form of mammogram and involves taking two X-ray images of each breast—one from the top and one from the side. While effective, overlapping breast tissue can sometimes make it harder to detect abnormalities.
b. 3D Mammography (Digital Breast Tomosynthesis)
3D mammography is a newer technology that takes multiple images of the breast from different angles and creates a three-dimensional picture. It provides more detail and is especially useful for women with dense breast tissue.
Although not yet standard in all NHS centres, 3D mammography is increasingly available through private clinics and some hospitals.
c. Digital Mammography
Instead of using film, digital mammography stores the X-ray images on a computer. This makes it easier for radiologists to examine, zoom in, and share results if needed. Most NHS breast screening units now use digital mammography.
What to Expect During the Procedure
Many women worry that a mammogram will be painful or uncomfortable. Here’s a breakdown of what usually happens during the test:
- Preparation: You’ll be asked to undress from the waist up and stand in front of the mammogram machine.
- Positioning: A radiographer (specialist technician) will place one breast at a time onto a flat plate.
- Compression: Another plate will press down on the breast to spread out the tissue. This compression lasts only a few seconds but can feel uncomfortable.
- Imaging: The machine will take X-ray images from at least two angles.
- Repeat: The process is repeated for the other breast.
The entire procedure usually takes around 10 to 15 minutes.
Benefits of Mammograms
1. Early Detection of Cancer
Mammograms can detect changes in breast tissue years before a lump can be felt. This early detection often leads to better treatment options and outcomes.
2. Reassurance
For many women, a clear mammogram result offers peace of mind, especially if there is a family history of breast cancer.
3. Monitoring
If you’ve previously had breast surgery or a benign lump, mammograms can help monitor any changes over time.
4. Improved Survival Rates
Studies have shown that regular mammograms significantly reduce the risk of dying from breast cancer, thanks to earlier diagnosis.
Costs of Mammograms in the UK
NHS Mammograms
In the UK, the NHS offers free breast screening every three years for women aged 50 to 71. If you’re registered with a GP and fall into this age bracket, you’ll automatically be invited.
Women younger than 50 or older than 71 can still speak to their GP about breast concerns and may be referred for a mammogram if necessary.
Private Mammograms
Some people choose to go private for reasons like:
- Wanting quicker access
- Needing 3D mammography (not always available on the NHS)
- Being outside the NHS screening age range
The cost of a private mammogram in the UK typically ranges from £150 to £300, depending on the clinic, location, and type of scan (2D vs. 3D).
Some health insurance policies may cover the cost of private mammograms, so it’s worth checking your plan.
Are Mammograms Safe?
Mammograms use low doses of radiation, and the risks are very small compared to the benefits. The radiation exposure is tightly controlled, and modern machines are designed to use the minimum dose needed to get a clear image.
For most women, the benefit of early detection far outweighs any minor radiation risk.
Conclusion
Mammograms are an essential part of women’s health care, particularly when it comes to early detection of breast cancer. Whether you’re going for routine screening or need a diagnostic scan, understanding the types of mammograms, what the procedure involves, and how much it might cost can help you feel more at ease.
In the UK, most women over 50 can access mammograms for free through the NHS, but there are also private options for those who want or need them. If you’re unsure about when to get your first mammogram or how often you should have one, speak with your GP or a healthcare professional.
Taking that first step toward screening is not just about detecting illness—it’s about empowering yourself to take charge of your health.
